Vaccination is one of the best ways to protect poultry from deadly diseases. For smallholder farmers, proper vaccination can prevent major losses, improve bird health, and increase productivity. Understanding why vaccines are important and how to handle them correctly ensures the best results.

(For more information on health and vaccines, download our free training manual on the website!)

Why Vaccination is Important

1. Prevents Deadly Diseases – Vaccines protect against common poultry diseases like Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro), and Fowl Pox, amongst many more.
2. Reduces Death Rates (Mortality) – Vaccinated birds have a stronger immune system and a higher survival rate.
3. Improves Productivity – Healthy birds grow better, lay more eggs, and reach market weight faster.
4. Saves Money – Preventing disease with vaccines is cheaper than treating sick birds or losing them to illness.

How to Handle Vaccines Properly

1. Store Vaccines Correctly – Keep vaccines refrigerated (between 2-8°C) and avoid exposure to sunlight. Do not freeze a vaccine.
2. Use Vaccines within their Shelf-life - Check the expiry date and use the oldest vaccines first (shortest expiry date).
3. Use Clean Equipment – Always use clean syringes, droppers, or drinking water systems to prevent contamination.
4. Follow Dosage Instructions – Give the right amount of vaccine as recommended by the manufacturer or veterinarian.
5. Vaccinate at the Right Time – Follow a vaccination schedule based on the age and type of poultry.
6. Use Fresh, Non-Chlorinated Water – If giving vaccines through drinking water, do not use water containing chlorine, as it destroys the vaccine.
7. Handle Birds Gently – Stress can reduce vaccine effectiveness, so handle birds carefully during vaccination.
8. Dispose of Leftover Vaccines Properly – Unused vaccines should not be stored for later use. Dispose of them safely according to guidelines.
9. Do not vaccinate sick birds - If your birds are showing any signs of illness, do not administer vaccines. Treat birds first, and wait for them to recover before administering vaccines.

Common Vaccination Methods

1. Drinking Water Method – Easy for large flocks but ensure all birds drink within 1-2 hours with enough drinking space. Make the birds thirsty by removing water 1 hour before vaccination.
2. Eye Drop Method – Ensures each bird gets the correct dose; easier with smaller flocks.
3. Injection Method – Used for some vaccines but requires training to avoid harming birds.
4. Spray Vaccination – Used for respiratory vaccines; ensure even distribution and avoid spraying during windy conditions (close windows/doors) to prevent spray from dispersing too quickly not reaching the birds.

Proper vaccination helps keep poultry healthy, improves farm productivity, and protects against financial losses. By following these simple vaccination tips, smallholder farmers can build a strong, disease-resistant flock.